![]() ![]() īarley is a silicon-accumulator monocot having more than 1% dry weight its absorption capacity from the soil is recorded in the range of 50-150 kg Si/ha. Thus, the decrease in disease symptom expression is due to the effect of silicon on some components of plant resistance. Thirdly, silicon can induce systemic resistance in plants. Secondly, silicon plays a metabolic function in the plant–fungal interaction by enhancing the activities of plant defensive enzymes, leading to increased accumulation of defensive compounds, such as phenolics and phytoalexins, and in turn enhancing plant resistance to fungal pathogens. ![]() Firstly, the polymerization of silicon beneath the cuticle and in the cell walls increases the physical barrier to fungal pathogens. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explore the enhanced fungal resistance in plants by silicon. Silicon is also regarded as an environment-friendly compound in relation to soil, fertilizers, and plant nutrition. Silicon (Si) has been well-documented to play a vital role in enhancing growth, development, and yield for a wide array of field crops, particularly under various abiotic ( i.e., nutrient imbalance, salinity, metal toxicity, water deficit, waterlogging, radiation damage, UV, and temperature extremes) and biotic ( i.e., pathogens and insect pests) stresses. Given this evidence, new strategies in the context of integrated disease management need to be developed to diminish losses due to the FHB pathogen complex. However, the lack of FHB resistant barley cultivars makes it difficult to achieve complete control of disease due to (1) potential presence of fungal inoculum on crop residues, such as ascospores, macroconidia, chlamydospores, and hyphal fragments, (2) possible persistence of favorable environmental conditions during the flowering stage for FHB infection, (3) complex inheritance of QTLs resistance and (4) significant cultivar-by-environment interaction effects. Two primary categories of polygenic resistance determined quantitatively by several Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) in barley to disease infection are generally recognized as Type I (resistant to initial penetration of the pathogen) and Type II (resistant to fungal spread within a spike), with Type I as the predominant type. ![]() The development and deployment of resistant barley cultivars are the simplest and the most effective approach in integrated disease management for decreasing the negative effects of FHB. ![]() Disease symptoms are recognized by necrotic patches, bleaching of the florets, and discoloured kernels (tan, orange, brown, pink or red) scattered throughout the head. During warm and wet conditions, FHB fungi can penetrate the rachis and spread via direct floret-floret contamination at anthesis. culmorum, found in all barley-growing areas. By far, the most prevalent species are F. Numerous Fusarium species differing in their predominance and mycotoxin spectra have been associated with FHB disease. Consequently, the contamination by DON makes barley-harvested kernels unacceptable for the malting and brewing industry. FHB reduces yield and impairs grain quality particularly due to the accumulation of Dangerous Mycotoxins (DON), which are harmful to human and animal health. Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is an economically important disease of barley and other small grain cereals ( i.e., wheat, oat, rye, and triticale). Barley is susceptible to a wide array of harmful fungal diseases. Nearly 140 million tonnes per year are produced worldwide, which are principally used as animal feed (70%) and for beer production (27%). Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth most produced cereal crop globally and is cultivated in temperate climate regions. ![]()
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